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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also suffer from comorbid conditions, such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many people who suffer from depression are not able to respond well to medications and may be able to benefit from therapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are commonly prescribed. Medicines Many medications that are used to treat ADHD in children can be used for adults. The dosages and effects are different. The doctor will take a look at the medical history, the family health history, and other medical health conditions of the patient to determine which medicine is most appropriate for the patient. The most common type of ADHD medication is stimulant and adjusts levels of two chemical messengers within the brain called norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (also called Adderall), and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters, which help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, including liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. These stimulants that last longer are popular because they improve patient compliance, as well as a smoother, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to remember that comorbidities like depression and anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication. It is therefore recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first before medication be used as a second measure. The medications that are used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include atomoxetine, bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Certain patients may experience an “rebound” effect where they experience a worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In these cases, a short-term trial of an atypical stimulant drug could be beneficial. Some people are unable to tolerate stimulant medication or cannot take it because of drug misuse or other health issues such as heart or hypertension problems that are severe. In these instances, non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine and viloxazine may be beneficial. These medications don't cause the same negative side effects as stimulants and are less likely to be abused or diverted. Psychotherapy People with ADHD are able to benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help them gain strategies to improve their lives to manage anxiety and stress, work out conflicts, and deal with issues in relationships or at work. It can also aid in the treatment of those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing, such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These therapies are based on idea that a person's beliefs and thoughts influence how they behave, think and feel. CBT helps an individual identify negative patterns of behavior and thoughts and then formulate and implement positive strategies to change them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy employs techniques for meditation to teach people how to focus on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses, and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms psychotherapy that focus on the family history of a person could be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. In addition to medicines psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific problems caused by ADHD like difficulty getting through schoolwork, resolving conflicts and being able to get along with others, forgetting important dates or responsibilities, and impulsive decisions that result in financial or legal troubles. Psychotherapy can help someone overcome the root issues like depression and anxiety that may be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help people find healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. For instance, exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a spouse or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Therapy for families and marriage can help families and couples improve communication and learn to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients change their negative thinking patterns. It involves a dialogue based on skills with a mental health professional to address the root reason for the symptoms. This treatment aims to help clients overcome difficulties and develop coping skills that are in line with their daily lives. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients how to identify unhelpful thinking patterns and assist them to develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. The process can be long. However, it's a good alternative for adults who aren't getting enough relief from their medication. In the course of a recent RCT study, it was concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior over cognitive behavior therapy by itself in terms of improving core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning in adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). CBT combined with methylphenidate can be particularly effective for people with more severe underlying problems. The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically work with the client to create an action plan that is specific to addressing their problems. They train them in a series of practical skills which are easy to master and have a good chance of success. Often a chart system is used to monitor the progress of a child and reward positive behaviour. In the case of a child, this might involve a daily report that lists all the school-related tasks or positive behaviors they have to perform, as well as a system for tracking and earning rewards. Therapists can also consider the introduction of negative consequences if a child does not complete their work. This can be done with sensitivity and support. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative kind of psychotherapy that helps people change their thinking. This kind of therapy can be beneficial to those who suffer from a range of mental health problems, such as depression. It's a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps individuals learn to recognize their negative thoughts and how they impact their emotions. This kind of therapy can also help them acquire psychological tools that are flexible and effective. This study aimed to examine the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To accomplish this, we compared self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with the indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition, debugging, information management, and evaluation). The results showed that complete knowledge was linked to daily functioning among adults with ADHD, but not the processes that regulate. The predictive effectiveness of a model that includes metacognition predictors was moderate, which suggests that they could explain a significant amount of the variance in the daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that cause states of anxiety and rumination, as well as attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on the model of information processing created by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its effectiveness for other disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MCT in reducing symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, but it can be applied to a variety of disorders, and may be more effective than other treatments. It is important to keep it in mind that this isn't a cure for ADHD but it could be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy the therapy therapist works with the entire family. Everyone is able to better understand the client's issues and learn how to help their loved ones. It also assists them in finding ways to cope with their own anxieties and improve their communication skills. Iam Psychiatry of counseling can also be used to address other comorbidities, such as depression and substance abuse that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to understand the family's perspective and determine if they are appropriate for family intervention. This can be done in person or online. The therapist will discuss the nature of the therapy with each client and lay out the do's and don'ts of family therapy. A therapist with worked with adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain an understanding of their current symptoms as well as their history and the impact they have on their work, family and relationships. They will also ask if there are any other mental health issues that are present, such as anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured kind of counseling that helps you learn how to control your behavior and change negative patterns of thinking into positive ones. It focuses on improving your self esteem and self-control through teaching methods to deal with anxiety and stress. This is a short-term solution that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual therapy helps those with ADHD to overcome the emotional baggage that results from failure and underachievement. It can also assist them in dealing with conflicts in relationships or job changes as well as academic challenges. It can teach you strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and finances more efficiently. It can also be used to tackle other comorbid conditions like mood and anxiety disorders, which are often associated with ADHD.